Evaluation of different mulch materials for reducing soil surface evaporation in semi‐arid region

In recent years, the use of new mulches for soil water conservation in arid regions has been introduced as an alternative to conventional (plastic) mulches. However, systematic studies concerning the effects of different organic [pistachio shell mulch (PSM), wheat straw mulch, de‐oiled olive pomace mulch (DOM) or wood chips mulch], chemical [superabsorbent polymer (HM) or organic‐based emulsion polymer (PEM)] and mineral [gravel mulch (GM)] covers on soil and water conservation are scarce. Therefore, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was aimed at evaluating the effects of mulches of different composition on soil surface evaporation, whereas in experiment 2 we investigated the effects of this decrease in soil evaporation due to different mulch materials on some olive tree physiological responses to soil drying. We analysed stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf density and maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of 2‐yr‐old plants of ‘Konservalia’ olive, grown in pots in open field. The results showed that different mulch materials had different efficiency on soil water conservation and DOM and pistachio shell mulch PSM – as new mulch materials – seems more favourable for conserving soil water. Water stress caused reductions in all parameters measured and increment in leaf density compared with unstressed treatment. Olive plants grown using different soil mulch presented higher values of stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm ratio compared to control plants. Although all the mulch treatments improved the water content of soil, DOM and PSM were found to be superior in maintaining optimum soil water content for olive use.     

内蒙古河套灌区食用向日葵肥料对比试验

[目的]开展内蒙古河套灌区食用向日葵肥料对比试验。[方法]以河套灌区市场内主要流通的6个肥料产品为研究材料,通过与该地区传统施肥模式(CK)进行对比,分析了不同肥料对食用向日葵产量、效益的影响。[结果]525 kg/hm~2田力元掺混肥(17-17-17)+375 kg/hm~2尿素、450 kg/hm~2住商缓释肥(24-12-10)、450 kg/hm~2德源缓释肥(24-12-10)的增产效果显著,较对照(CK)分别增产13.3%、11.9%和5.6%;525 kg/hm~2田力元掺混肥(17-17-17)+375 kg/hm~2尿素、450 kg/hm~2住商缓释肥(24-12-10)、450 kg/hm~2德源缓释肥(24-12-10)、450 kg/hm~2奥佳缓释肥(26-10-12)的效益显著,较对照(CK)分别增收12.3%、11.5%、7.5%和5.0%。[结论]该研究可为当地向日葵生产提供科学理论依据。     

有棱丝瓜的氮、磷、钾适用量研究

丝瓜是华南地区重要瓜类蔬菜品种,为获得其合理的氮、磷、钾肥施用量,拟通过珠江三角洲3个代表性蔬菜基地开展丝瓜氮、磷、钾肥效田间试验,获得肥料效应方程,求取最佳施肥量。试验结果表明,丝瓜获得高产和高效益要求氮、磷、钾合理配施;佛山、江门、广州3个试验点的理论施肥量N分别为15.0、23.0、12.5 kg/667 m^2;P2O5分别为11.0、11.0、8.0 kg/667 m^2;K2O分别为16.0、17.0、13.0 kg/667 m^2;氮、磷、钾肥施用量与试验地土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量有关,也与该地区产量水平的高低有关;一元二次效应方程中,3个试验点均是N效应的显著度相对最高;二元二次效应方程中,NP和NK效应的显著度较高,PK效应的显著度较低,说明氮素用量对丝瓜产量的影响大于磷素和钾素;3个试验点的三元二次效应方程中有2个达到极显著水平,说明试验结果基本可信。     

大棚蔬菜滴灌系统案例设计与分析

选取大棚蔬菜种植园为实例,根据当地的水文地质特征、水源条件、大棚分布以及蔬菜种植结构,详细计算并校核了滴灌系统的总体分布、灌溉均匀度、允许灌溉强度、设计湿润比、灌水器选择、毛管极限长度等设计标准参数。通过灌溉制度的制定,计算各级管道管径、水头损失,选择过滤器,确定水泵型号,完成了滴灌系统的整体设计。该滴灌设计案例分析过程详细,结果合理,可作为相关滴灌工程设计参考依据。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

浅析我国农业节水灌溉技术研究及进展

中国是世界上人均水资源占有量最贫乏的13个国家之一,水是农业的命脉,水资源的严重不足,使我国农业发展面临非常大的挑战。发展节水灌溉技术是我国未来农业发展的一项重大战略决策,也是坚持绿色发展理念的必然选择。为了解我国农业节水灌溉技术现状和研究进展,本文通过综合分析国内外节水灌溉技术现状,梳理我国目前主要的节水灌溉工程技术,总结我国在农业节水灌溉技术现阶段面临的主要问题和未来发展趋势。     

灌水量对不同年代宁夏春小麦光合特性及产量构成因素的影响

为揭示不同灌水量对不同年代春小麦光合特性及产量的影响，以5 个不同年代宁夏春小麦品种（系）为试验材料，在宁夏灌区4 种水分处理条件下，研究了灌水时期对不同年代宁夏春小麦品种光合生理指标及产量因子的影响。结果表明，不同时期灌水对春小麦叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)等生理指标均产生明显影响；T1、T2 处理，‘毛火麦’和‘宁春27 号’的叶绿素含量、Pn、WUE较高，在T1、T2 和T3 处理下其产量与其他品种（系）差异不显著。随着灌水量的增加，灌区品种（系）‘宁春4 号’、‘宁春50 号’和‘J63’的叶绿素含量、Pn、WUE高于‘毛火麦’和‘宁春27 号’且产量正常灌水条件下显著高于其他处理。因此，宁夏灌区在保证分蘖期和拔节期灌水，增加抽穗期灌水，各品种（系）既保持较高水分利用效率，又可以获得较高的产量。     

宝鸡峡灌区小麦水足迹时空变化特征与归因分析

基于水足迹理论,计算了实际耗水和施肥情况下宝鸡峡灌区小麦水足迹的各项指标,分析了小麦水足迹各指标的时空变化特征,利用对数平均迪氏指数分解法推导了总水足迹变化量分解公式,细致定量了气候变化和人类活动因子对总水足迹变化的贡献。结果表明:灌区小麦总水足迹1994—2010年均值为6.73亿m~3,Mann-Kendall检验呈显著下降趋势,年均变幅为-0.17亿m~3/a,水足迹结构由蓝水主导演变为灰水主导。单位产量的小麦生产水足迹、生产绿水、蓝水和灰水足迹多年平均值分别为1.04、0.36、0.32、0.37 m3/kg。生产水足迹、生产绿水和蓝水足迹在灌区内从西向东呈递增趋势,生产灰水足迹以兴平为中心向两侧递增。归因分析表明,影响灌区小麦总水足迹变化的主导因子为人类活动,其贡献率和为-113.57%,而气候变化因子的贡献率仅为13.57%。人类活动因子中,贡献率从大到小依次为灌溉定额(-56.58%)、总种植面积(-55.78%)、小麦种植比例(-43.76%)、单位面积施氮量(39.96%)、灌溉水有效利用系数(2.59%)。     

伊犁察南灌区土壤盐分时空变异特征与运移机理研究

以伊犁河谷察南灌区为研究区,运用磁感式电导率快速获取技术及室内分析相结合手段,通过构建盐分解译模型,获取2015年及2016年秋季0~30 cm、30~60 cm、60~100 cm土壤盐分含量。对土壤各土层进行了盐渍化分级统计和半方差函数分析及空间插值分析。对研究区高程信息进行提取,并通过调查河流影响范围对河流进行缓冲区分析。旨在构建适用于研究区及同类型灌区磁感式盐渍土地快速精量诊断评估与利用规划技术体系,了解干旱、半干旱区灌溉农田土盐时空变异特征,并对土盐时空运移机理进行研究。初步研究表明,相比于2015年秋季,2016年秋季研究区非盐化土面积显著减小,中度盐化土面积显著增加,非盐化土、轻度盐化土呈现向中度盐化土演变的趋势;研究区土壤盐分呈现向中部及东部区域运移的趋势,盐化土面积增加,且盐分含量均值增大;另外,在空间大尺度范围上,河流是影响土盐运移的主要影响因素,在局域小尺度范围内,地势是影响土盐运移的主要影响因素。     

灌溉水平及灌溉间隔对大豆植株干物质积累的影响

采用桶栽方法,选用黑农48为试验材料,设计4个灌溉水平及4种干旱胁迫历时进行交叉试验,研究了灌溉水平及干旱胁迫历时对大豆干物质积累的影响。结果表明,花荚期大豆植株叶、茎、根和荚果更易受干旱胁迫历时影响,干旱胁迫历时越短越有利于植株生长,灌溉水平对植株的生长影响相对弱于干旱胁迫历时。植株各器官干质量的等高线图表明高灌溉水平、短干旱胁迫历时比低灌溉水平、长干旱胁迫历时有绝对优势,同时也表现出高灌溉水平、长干旱胁迫历时处理与低灌溉水平、短干旱胁迫历时处理之间具有相似性。